3.       Introduction

L-cysteine is considered as an essential amino acid due to its less production by the human body. Thus, L-cysteine is consumed through the dietary supplements and is reported to have several health benefits. Vitamin B₆ and B₁₂ are the major constituents needed for the production of L-cysteine the human body, which is generally manufactured from the amino acids viz. serine and methionine [1]. It was reported that L-cysteine is used by many ways; therapeutically and nutritionally, as it is the basic building block of glutathione (which is denoted as the mother of all antioxidants). N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is also used for the supplementation of L-cysteine, which has the ability to increase glutathione levels that is considered as one of the important factors for lung function, brain function, and liver detoxification. L-cysteine in the body is decreased due to various pathological health conditions; thus, it would be required externally to make more within your brain and body tissues. It helps to fight oxidative stress and its associated situations affecting brain and lungs [2]. It has several health benefits such as strong antioxidant properties [3], works as a free radical’s scavenger, promotes body detoxification mechanism [4], increases male fertility by lowering oxidative stress [5], balances the blood sugar level [6], enhance body’s digestive capacity by reducing aging process [7], relieves symptoms of respiratory health illness such as bronchitis or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) [8], and also reported to treat psychiatric disorders [9]. Even though, it can be obtained from the different foods such as cheese, yogurt, pork, chicken, turkey, duck, wheat germ, and oats, the rate of absorption and mechanism of action of any compound depends upon numerous factors such as its solubility, stability, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability. The physicochemical properties of any amino acids are very important to show their biological property and actions. Therefore, this research has been carried out to improve the physicochemical properties (particle size, crystalline structure, crystallite size, surface area, etc.) of L-cysteine.

The Biofield Energy Treatment is one of the best Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) approaches that significantly defines a unique concept between the traditional and contemporary explanatory models of energy medicine [10]. The Biofield Energy Healing Treatment has provided significant outcomes in both clinical practice and scientific research focusing in the field of energy medicine of the body [11,12]. Biofield Energy Healing has been considered as an Energy therapy and is accepted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) along with other therapies, which include traditional Chinese herbs and medicines, Ayurvedic medicine, naturopathy, homeopathy, yoga, acupuncture, acupressure, meditation, Tai Chi, Qi Gong, chiropractic/osteopathic manipulation, healing touch, Reiki, deep breathing, special diets, massage, progressive relaxation, relaxation techniques, guided imagery, movement therapy, hypnotherapy, pilates, Rolfing structural integration, mindfulness, cranial sacral therapy, aromatherapy, and applied prayer [13]. The Trivedi Effect^®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment has been described worldwide to have remarkable results in non-living materials and in living organisms. Biofield Energy Healing Treatments have significantly altered the physicochemical and thermal properties of many pharmaceutical/nutraceutical compounds [14-16], altered characteristics properties of micro-organisms [17-19], crops [20,21], livestock [22], metals, ceramics [23,24], plant growth and adaptation [25], human health and wellness [26-29].

Thus, this study was also aimed to analyse the impact of the Biofield Energy Healing Treatment (The Trivedi Effect^®) on the physicochemical and thermal properties of ascorbic acid by using various analytical techniques such as, Particle Size Analysis (PSA), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)/ Differential Thermogravimetric Analysis (DTG), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).

4.       Materials and Methods

4.1.        Chemicals and Reagents

L-cysteine was purchased from Alfa Aesar, USA. All other chemicals used during the experiments were of analytical grade available in India.

4.2.           Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment Strategies

L-cysteine, i.e., the test compound was divided into two parts. Among both parts, one portion was denoted as control sample that did not receive the Biofield Energy Treatment. The other part of L-cysteine was considered as the treated part that received the Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment by the renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Alice Branton (USA), and was named as the Biofield Energy Treated sample. In the process of the Biofield Energy Treatment, the sample was kept under the standard laboratory conditions, and the Biofield Energy Healer provided the Trivedi Effect^®-Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment to the sample, remotely, for 3 minutes through the Unique Energy Transmission process. The control L-cysteine was subjected to “sham” healer under the similar laboratory conditions, who did not have any knowledge about the Biofield Energy Healing Treatment. After the treatment, both the samples were kept in similar sealed conditions and further characterized by using PSA, PXRD, DSC, and TGA/DTG techniques.

4.3.        Characterization

4.3.1.         Particle Size Analysis (PSA)

The particle size analysis of L-cysteine was conducted on Malvern Mastersizer 2000, from the UK, with a detection range between 0.01 µm to 3000 µm using wet method [30,31]. The sample unit (Hydro MV) was filled with a dispersant medium (sunflower oil) and operated the stirrer at 2500 rpm. The PSA analysis of L-cysteine was performed to obtain the average particle size distribution. Where, d (0.1) μm, d(0.5) μm, d(0.9) μm represent particle diameter corresponding to 10%_, 50%_, and 90% of the cumulative distribution. D(4,3) represents the average mass-volume diameter, and SSA is the specific surface area (m²/g). The calculations were done by using software Mastersizer Ver. 5.54.

The percent change in particle size (d) for L-cysteine at below 10% level (d₁₀)_, 50% level (d₅₀)_, 90% level (d₉₀), and D(4,3) was calculated using the following equation 1:

Where d_Control and d_Treated are the particle sizes (μm) at below 10% level (d₁₀)_, 50% level (d₅₀)_, and 90% level (d₉₀) of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.

The percent change in surface area (S) was calculated using the following equation 2:

Where S_Control and S_Treated are the surface area of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine, respectively.

4.3.2.         Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) Analysis

The PXRD analysis of L-cysteine was performed with the help of RigakuMiniFlex-II Desktop X-ray diffractometer (Japan) [32,33]. The Cu Kα radiation source tube output voltage used was 30 kV and tube output current were 15 mA. Scans were performed at room temperature. The average size of individual crystallites was calculated from XRD data using the Scherrer’s formula (3)

                                                    G = kλ/βcosθ                                    (3)

Where k is the equipment constant (0.94), G is the crystallite size in nm, λ is the radiation wavelength (0.154056 nm for Kα1 emission), β is the full-width at half maximum (FWHM), and θ is the Bragg angle [34].

The percent change in crystallite size (G) of L-cysteine was calculated using the following equation 4:

Where G_Control and G_Treated are the crystallite size of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.

4.3.3.         Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

The DSC analysis of L-cysteine was performed with the help of DSC Q200, TA instruments. Sample of ~1-5 mg was loaded to the aluminium sample pan at a heating rate of 10^°C/min from 30^°C to 350^°C [30,31]. The % change in melting point (T) was calculated using the following equation 5:

Where T_Control and T_Treated are the melting point of the control and treated samples, respectively.

The percent change in the latent heat of decomposition (ΔH) was calculated using following equation 6:

Where ΔH_Control and ΔH_Treated are the latent heat of decomposition of the control and treated L-cysteine, respectively.

4.3.4.         Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)/ Differential Thermogravimetric Analysis (DTG)

TGA/DTG thermograms of L-cysteine were obtained with the help of TGA Q50 TA instruments. A sample of 5 mg was loaded to the platinum crucible at a heating rate of 10^ºC/min from 25^°C to 1000^°C with the recent literature [30,31]. The % change in weight loss (W) was calculated using the following equation 7:

Where W_Control and W_Treated are the weight loss of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine, respectively.

The % change in maximum thermal degradation temperature (T_max) (M) was calculated using the following equation 8:

Where M_Control and M_Treated are the T_max values of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine, respectively.

5.                   Results and Discussion

5.1.              Particle Size Analysis (PSA)

The analysis of particle size of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine samples are presented in Table 1, which showed that the particle size distribution of the control sample at d₁₀, d₅₀, d₉₀, and D(4, 3) were 263.81 μm, 497.33 μm, 910.97 μm, and 547.66 μm, respectively. Besides, the particle size at d₁₀, d₅₀, d₉₀, and D(4, 3) of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was found as 235.36 μm, 430.37 μm, 775.77 μm, and 471.25 μm, respectively. The overall analysis revealed the reduction in the particle size values of the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine sample by 10.78%, 13.46%, 14.84%, and 13.95% at d₁₀, d₅₀, d₉₀, and D(4, 3), respectively, compared to the control sample.

Table 1: Particle size distribution of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine. 

Moreover, the specific surface area of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was observed as 0.016 m²/g, which was increased by 14.28% as compared with the SSA of the control sample (0.014 m²/g). The particle size and surface area of drug moiety are considered important factors regarding its solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability as well as its performance within the body [35,36]. Studies reported the improvement in the absorption and bioavailability profile of drug as a result of the reduction in particle size and increase in its surface area [37]. Thus, the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine might possess improved solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability as compared to the untreated sample.

5.2.              Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) Analysis

The control and the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine samples showed the presence of sharp and intense peaks in the diffractograms (Figure 1). Such peaks indicated the crystalline nature of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples; however, there were some alterations in the Bragg’s angle of the characteristic peaks of the treated sample as compared to the control L-cysteine sample. Moreover, the analysis of the intensities and the crystallite size was done for both the control and the Biofield Energy Treated sample (Table 2). The diffractogram revealed the highest peak intensity (100%) in the control sample at 2θ equal to 24.71^°, while it was observed at 24.86^° in the Biofield Energy Treated sample. Also, the diffractogram of the Biofield Energy Treated sample showed a new peak at 42.30°; whereas, the peak at 2θ equal to 34.12^° in the control sample was not observed in it. Besides, the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine sample showed alteration in the intensities of the diffraction peaks ranging from -79.18% to 335.64% as compared to the control sample. These significant changes in the intensities of the characteristic diffraction peaks indicated the alterations in the crystallinity of the Biofield Energy Treated sample in comparison to the control sample.

Moreover, the significant alterations were also observed in the crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated sample ranging from -82.68% to 294.32% as compared to the control sample. Apart from that, there was 42.93% reduction in the average crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine sample (857.22 nm) as compared to the control sample (1502.11 nm). The previous studies showed the significant impact of the Biofield Energy Treatment on the crystal morphology as well as the crystalline structure of various compounds in terms of the alterations in their peak intensities and crystallite sizes, etc. Such changes might also take place due to the formation of a new polymorphic form of the compound after the Biofield Energy Treatment [38,39]. Hence, it could be assumed that the significant alterations in the crystallite size along with the peak intensities of the characteristic peaks of the Biofield Energy Treated sample might have happened due to the formation of a new polymorph of L-cysteine via the mediation of neutrino oscillations [40-41]. Various studies reported that the physical modifications such as altering the crystal habit of the drug might help in improving the bioavailability profile of drug [40]. Thus, it is presumed that the Biofield Energy Treated sample might possess better solubility, dissolution and bioavailability profile than the untreated sample.

5.3.        Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis

The DSC thermograms shown in figure 2 revealed the melting and other thermal behaviours of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine samples [42]. According to the literature, the amino acids undergo the process of thermal decomposition instead of sublimation or melting. Also, the peak in DSC thermogram was accompanied by the drop in the TGA thermogram at the same temperature. The coinciding of DSC peak with the TGA drop indicated the simple decomposition process that took place during the heating of L-cysteine sample [42,43]. The thermograms of both, the control and the Biofield Energy Treated sample showed two peaks. The decomposition temperature of the 1^st and 2^nd peak of the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine sample were slightly altered by 0.57% and -0.22%, respectively as that of the control sample. However, the latent heat of decomposition (ΔH_{decomposition}) corresponding to 1^st and 2^nd peak of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was significantly reduced by 18.84% and 7.05%, respectively, as compared to the control sample (Table 3).

The analysis revealed that the degradation temperature for both, the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples remained same; however, there might be some alterations in the crystallization structure of the L-cysteine [42] after the Biofield Energy Treatment that might cause the alteration in the ΔH_{decomposition} of the treated sample as compared to the untreated one.

5.4.        Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)/ Differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG)

The TGA thermograms (Figure 3) of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples showed thermal degradation of L-cysteine in a single step. Also, the degradation temperature was found similar to the reported literature [44]. The analysis of thermograms revealed that the total weight loss of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was 97.16%, which was reduced by 2.53% as compared with the control sample (99.68%). It resulted in the significant increase in residue amount of the treated L-cysteine sample by 784.73% when compared to the control sample (Table 4). Thus, it showed that the thermal stability of the treated L-cysteine was improved as compared to the untreated sample.

Moreover, the DTG analysis of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine sample revealed the presence of a single peak in the thermogram (Figure 4). The further analysis showed that the maximum thermal degradation temperature (T_max) of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was reduced by 1.57% in comparison to the control sample (Table 4). Hence, the TGA/DTG study revealed the altered thermal stability of the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine sample as compared with the control sample.

6.                   Conclusion

The study results showed that the Trivedi Effect^®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment significantly impacted the physicochemical and thermal properties of L-cysteine such as particle size distribution, crystallite sizes, latent heat, etc. The particle size values of the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine at d₁₀, d₅₀, d₉₀, and D(4, 3) were observed to be significantly reduced by 10.78%, 13.46%, 14.84%, and 13.95%, respectively, compared to the control sample. It resulted in the increase of the specific surface area of the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine by 14.28% as compared to the untreated sample. The reduction in particle sizes and increase in the surface area might help in improving the solubility and dissolution rate of L-cysteine that further enhances its absorption and bioavailability profile in the body. The PXRD peak intensities and crystallite sizes of those peaks of the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine sample showed significant alterations ranging from -79.18% to 335.64% and -82.68% to 294.32%, respectively as compared to the untreated sample. Also, the Biofield Energy Treatment affected the average crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine sample that was observed to be significantly reduced by 42.93%, compared to the control sample. The Biofield Energy Treated sample showed slight alterations in the peak temperatures corresponding to 1^st and 2^nd peak by 0.57% and -0.22%, respectively in comparison to the untreated sample. However, the ∆H_{decomposition} corresponding to 1^st and 2^nd peak was significantly reduced by 18.84% and 7.05%, respectively, as compared to the untreated L-cysteine sample. The total weight loss was reduced by 2.53%, however, the residue amount was significantly increased by 784.73% in the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine compared with the control sample. Besides, the T_max of the treated L-cysteine sample was decreased by 1.57%, compared with the control sample. Hence, the thermal analysis data indicated that there was a significant alteration in the thermal stability of the Biofield Energy Treated sample in comparison to the control sample. Overall, the Trivedi Effect^®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment was found to have a significant impact on the L-cysteine sample that might help in improving the absorption and bioavailability profile of it by generating its new polymorphic form, altering its crystallinity, reducing the particle size, and improving the surface area. Such alterations in the Trivedi Effect^® Treated L-cysteine can show the better performance in its different formulation forms, which might offer better therapeutic response against various diseases and disorders, i.e., respiratory health illness, bronchitis, COPD, psychiatric disorders, reducing aging process, balancing blood sugar, etc.

7.                   Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Central Leather Research Institute, SIPRA Lab. Ltd., Trivedi Science, Trivedi Global, Inc., Trivedi Testimonials, and Trivedi Master Wellness for their assistance and support during this work.

8.                   Conflict of Interest

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figure 1: PXRD diffractograms of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine.

Figure 2: DSC thermograms of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated L-cysteine.

                                                                              

                                                                           

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