research article

Formation of Siamese Catfish, Pangasianodonhypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878 (Pangasiidae; Siluriformes) F2 Based on Selection of Character Growth

Suharyanto*

JadmikoDarmawandanEviTahapari, Research Institute for Fish Breeding, Sukamandi, West Java, Indonesia

*Corresponding author: Suharyanto, JadmikoDarmawandanEviTahapari, Research Institute for Fish Breeding, Sukamandi, West Java, Indonesia. Email: suhar.yanto83@ymail.com

Received Date: 30 July, 2017; Accepeted Date: 15 August, 2017; Published Date: 24 August, 2017 

Citation:Suharyanto (2017) Formation of Siamese Catfish, Pangasianodonhypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878 (Pangasiidae; Siluriformes) F2 Based on Selection of Character Growth. J Fish Aquac Dev: JFAD-115.  DOI:10.29011/JFAD-115/100015

 

1.      Abstract

Research on the formation of Siamese catfish F2 is one part of the assembly of superior strains of catfish. The research objective is to get a prospective parent of siamesecatfishF2 selection results based on character growth. In 2015, the parent has done spawning populations F1 selection results the previous year and the parent population control. F2 seedling population resulting from the breeding between relatives maintained separately from the parent population selection and control. Siamese catfish seedling populations F2 consists of 10 family selection and eight families control in cohort 1 were then used as material selection in this year's study. Selections are made at the age of 11 months of age and the selection differential values ​​obtainedsiamesecatfish F2 cohort 1 are selected by 281.57 g which means that the average weight of the population of selection increased by 30.82%. In this year also made the establishment of seedling populations of catfish Siamese F2 consisting of 10 families and 3 families of selection on the control cohort 2 were then used as material selection in research in 2017. The population of siamesecatfish F2 selection had a higher growth performance than the control. Values ​​response character selection on body weight siamese catfish populations F2 cohort 1 aged 11 months in the amount of 21.34% (ΔG = 164.21 g) and the siamese catfish populations F2 cohort 2 5 months of age in the amount of 10.50% (ΔG = 10.47 g), so that the known value of the selection response average in the population of siamesecatfish F2 of 15.92%. F2 siamese catfish population has the potential to be proposed as a candidate for release catfish is superior because it has the combined value of the selection response ≥30,00%, the combined value of the selection response between populations of siamesecatfish F1 and F2 Siamese catfish population of 36.83%.

2.       Keywords:F2; Growth Character; Siamese Catfish(Pangasiushypophthalmus)selection

1.      Introduction

Siamese catfish (Pangasiushypophthalmus) is one of the freshwater fishery commodities that has been cultivated by the community and became one of the flagship product to be developed on the export market. During the years 2007-2009 the average increase in production of commodities catfish is always above 50 percent per year and is expected to catfish production Indonesia is able to reach 1.8 million tons per year in 2014. Very good prospects need to be supported by increasing Siamese catfish production in order to achieve the expected target. One effort to meet the target Siamese catfish production is genetic quality improvement program through selection in order to produce a population with individuals who excel. Selection techniques in fish done in an attempt to alter the average performance of the population to be better in the next generation [1]. Selection is a breeding program that utilizes the diversity of phenotypes (phenotipic variance) that is passed on from parent to offspring [2]. The diversity of the phenotype is the summation of genetic diversity, the diversity of the environment and the interaction between genetic and environmental variation. Further stated that the selection techniques in fish done in an attempt to alter the average performance of the population to be better in the next generation. According Hardjosubroto (1994)[3], the performance of the population is determined by two factors: genetic and environmental factors.

Tave (1995) [2]explains that the selection of qualitative phenotypes in fish is a selection of fish sightings or traits that can be measured, controlled by many pairs of genes and influenced by the environment. The parameters that can be measured by the length of the body, weight, percentage of meat, fat, protein, fecundity, and so forth. Growth is relatively effective parameters used to evaluate the effect of selection on the performance improvement of the population. Selection is done on fish consumption based on character growth, one of which is the weight of the body.

Based on the description above, has done research establishment Siamese catfish (Pangasiushipopthalmus) F2 with the aim to improve the performance of catfish Siamese F1 and F2 generation which has resulted in the growth of better characters.
Materialsand Methods

Researchdesign

Selection is done is the selection in the family (within the family) where each family that has been formed will be selected for each individual in the family that grow faster. Selections are made at the time of consumption size and then have each of males and females who have the character grow faster.

In 2016 there were two main activities conducted research, namely

Establishment of Siamese catfish F2 population cohort 2 material selection.

Materials and Equipment

Materials and tools necessary for research activities are:

Ingredients: Artemia, feed (Siamese catfish mother, seed and enlargement), hormonal (HCG and ovaprim), tubifek, water fleas, Tagg (microchip), catheter, frame nets, waring a lid, the installation of aeration and drugs.

Tools: WQC to measure water quality parameters, scales, rulers, tools fisheries; seser (catching tool), buckets, syringes, thermometers maximum, minimum.

Procedure Research

Selection ofF2 population of Siamese catfish cohort 

Fish Test

Test fish is siamese catfish F2 population cohort 1 material selection in 2015 consisting of 10 family selection, with the amount of each family as much as 150 fishes. Selections are made at the time of test fish reach the size of consumption with an average body weight≥750 g/fish.

 Containers Rearing

RearingSiamese catfish F2 population cohort 1 material selection are cultured on the cage size of 5 x 3 x 1.25 m3 which is located in an area of ​​6000 m2with a net density of 150 fish / cage. After the selection, selected fish populations and fish origin populations are cultured at the pond wall the size of 200 m2 with a water depth of 1.20 to 1.50 m.

 Rearing test fish

Feed for cultured activities Siamese catfish populations F2 material selection until the test fish is ready to be selected using commercial feed with a protein content of 30% as much as 3% weight of biomass per day. After the selection, selected fish populations and native fish populations were fed a commercial pellet with 36% protein content as much as 2% weight of biomass per day. Feed given by the frequency 2 times a day in the morning and evening.

Implementation Selection

Crosses using half-sib pattern of the one female parent were fertilized two male parent. In this experiment, 20 families of catfish Siamese obtained from the cross 10 mated with a female parent male parent 20. The selection method used is selected families/within family selection[2]. Selections are made at the time of consumption size (≥750 g/fish). During the maintenance period catfish conjoined to measure the consumption of thinning and observation of the growth of each month to determine the feeding rate.

The parameters observed

Parameters measured were growth of catfish conjoined covering a total length, standard length and weight of the average individual and genetic parameters include the coefficient of diversity and selection response.

Establishment of catfish Siamese F2 population cohort 2 material selectio

Parent Fish Test

Parent test fish needed in the formation of Siamese catfish F2 population cohort 2 material selection. Parent fish samples used in this study is the parent Siamese catfish F1 contained in the pond ofResearch Institute for Fish Breeding[4]. Total ofSiamese catfish parents are used as many as 10 females and 20 males mature gonads and ready to spawned. All parent used is a parent who has been marked with (Tagging) using a microchip on previous research in order to know his pedigree to avoid inbreeding at the time of formation of Siamese catfish 

F2 population cohort 2.

 Containers Rearing

Rearing of parent fish of siemese catfishF1 were conducted at the experiment pond ofResearch Institute for Fish Breeding,Sukamandi. Rearing of the parent container is a pond measuring 400 m2with water depth from 1.00 to 1.20 m. In order to obtain good growth, Oxygen Condition strived>3 ppm. After be conducted formation population of Siamese catfish F2 cohort 2,larvae reared in indoors hatchery using fiber tank round container rearing of volume capacity 700L with water volume rearing were 200L and larval density of 100 fish / L.Rearing operations as indoor hatchery and conducted for two months. Furthermore,larvae reared in thenet cages size 3 x 3 x 1.25 m3, its located onthe pondarea with nets cages of ​​6,000 m2 density of 1,000 fish / net cage for 40 days.

Feed

As for the rearing of simese catfish parent, the feed given commercial pellet with 36% protein content as much as 1% weight of biomass per day. Feed given by the frequency 2 times a day. Feed for enlargement activities F2 population of Siamese catfish materials selection using commercial feed with a protein content of 30% as much as 3% of weight biomass per day.

Spawning

Spawning done artificially by using hormonal stimulation with two stage injection. The female parent was given the first injection in the form of HCG with a dosage of 500 IU / kg of weight. The second injection is given with an interval of 24 hours in the form of ovaprim with a dosage of 0.6 ml / kg weight. Striping to obtain egg cells do 10-12 hours from the second injection. To get the sperm, the male parent was induced by injection of hormones ovaprim a dosage of 0.2 ml / kg weight. Striping for sperm retrieval is done 10-12 hours after injection.

Eggs and sperm are removed by means of massaging the abdomen (stripping) toward urogenital. Eggs collected in a bowl, while the sperm is collected using sample bottles 250ml volume. To maintain the quality of sperm, sperm preserved with a given physiological solution (NaCl 0.9%) with a ratio of 1:10. Artificial fertilization is done by mixing the eggs with the sperm as much as 300g of 20-30 ml, then stirred evenly using chicken feathers for 30 seconds. Furthermore, activated with oxygen-rich water that is put into a bowl (aqua mineral water) while stirring. Then the rest of the sperm removed until clean, then egg fertilization outcome was rinsed with water to remove the soil layer adhesion glycoproteins to eliminate the eggs, then eggs cleaned rinsed with clean water. Subsequently incubated eggs hatching using a funnel at a temperature of 28ºC.

 Rearing of larvae and Seed

The larvae of spawning results are reared in fiber tanks (inhatchery) for 2 months (up to a size of 2 inches). Feed used for the rearing of larvae and seeds are naupliusofArtemiasp., Frozen water fleas, Tubifex sp. and artificial feed in the form of crumbs with a crude protein content of 40%.

After 2 months old seed reared in the net cage measuring of 3 x 3 x 1.5 m3 in the culture pond size of 6000 m2. Artificial feed in the form of a powder with a protein content of 40% given feed ad libitum, with a time of 2 times per day. After 40 days of rearing thinning to 250 fish/net cage. Further test fish were fed artificial / floating pellet feed with 30% protein content were provided ad libitum, with a time of 2 times per day.

Thinning is done during the nursery I, separating II and magnification up to 500 g medium-sized fish. During the reared period was observed on growth. Selection will be done once during sized fish ≥750 g and have 10% of Siamese catfish who had average highest weight. The selection of Siamese catfish population cohort 2 conducted the following year. 

Data analysis

The data obtained were analyzed by univariate GLM using SPSS.
Results and Discussion

Selection is one of the breeding programs that utilize phenotipic variance (phenotypic diversity) is passed from parent to off spring [2]. In this study, the selection method used is selected in the family (within the family) that is based on the average properties of each individual in each family group. In this selection of each family represented by its best individuals to form the next generation [5].

Fromthisstudyproduced 20 families and 11 families control theselectionconsistsoftwocohorts, withcohort 1 and cohort 2 obtainedfromdifferentspawning time. In cohort 1 wasobtained 10 familiesof 8 familiesselection and maintenanceachieve control byage 11 months, whilethesecondcohortselection and obtained10 families 3 families control byage 5 monthsofrearing. Differences in spawningperiodisduetothedifficultytoget a parentsmaturefemalegonads in largenumbers and thefacilities are notadequate.

Formation and selectionofsiamesecatfish F2 cohort 1and Performofsiamesecatfish F2 cohort 1

Observations on the average standard length and the total length on population selection and control of catfish Siamese F2 cohort 1 produces the Coefficient of Variation (CV) were moderate (<20%) while the character of body weight in the population selection and control of yield coefficient of variation (CV) were classified as moderate (20-50%) (Table 1)[6]states that to determine the diversity of a character used the following criteria: low if CV (0-20%), moderate (20-50%) and high (>50%). The coefficient of variation shows the value of the diversity of the population measured, where the higher the value of the coefficient of variation showed that the population measured have a broad diversity or more heterogeneous, whereas if a lower variation coefficient means the population being measured has a value of diversity narrower or more homogeneous. In the clinical population have seen that the character length variation coefficient smaller than the character's body weight, it suggests that the character length is more homogeneous or have a narrow diversity than its weight. This indicates that the selection is more effectively done on the character of body weight have a higher diversity.

 The distribution pattern or distribution of standard length, total length and weight of the individual on the selection and population control population of Siamese catfish F2 cohort 1 are presented in (Figure 6). In the distribution curve shows that the distribution of data for catfish Siamese F2 population cohort 1 is on the right selection of data distribution population control. This shows an increase in performance compared to a control population selected population

The success of the selection can be measured from the value of genetic progress (genetic gain) Selection response generated. Genetic progress or expected response to selection per year as a result of the selection is dependent on the intensity of selection, genetic diversity, the diversity of phenotypes and generation interval [3,5,7,8]. The optimal combination of these factors it is necessary to obtain optimal genetic progress [3,5]. According to Gjedrem (2000) [9]estimated genetic progress or response per generation of selection for aquatic organisms ranging from 10 to 20 %. The results obtained showed that the response of Siamese catfish selection in F2 cohort 1 to the character of body weight has a value and a strong selection response that is equal to 21.34% with the amount of genetic progress (ΔG) of 164.21 g(Table 1). This value is higher than previous studies, as presented byPamungkas,et al. (2014)[10], which explained that the selection by showing the value of the response character selection body weight in F1 Siamese catfish population cohort 1 aged 14 months in the amount of 27.71% (ΔG = 163.26 g) and the catfish population conjoined F1 age cohort 2 11 months in the amount of 14.10% (ΔG = 70.67 g), so that the known value of the selection response averages in the population of siamese catfish F1 of 20.91%.

Selection siamese catfish F2 cohort 1.

The observation and calculation of the performance, differential selection and heritability values ​​of selected populations and populations of catfish Siamese origin F2 cohort 1 aged 11 months are presented in(Table 2).

In the activity of selection differential values which represents the difference between the weighted average of a selected population and initial population. According to Hardjosubroto (1994)[3], differential selection (selection differential) is the difference between the average performance of a selected population with the average performance of the population before the selection. Selection differential value is one important factor in determining the success of the selection. The higher the differential value of the selection of a population will generate value selection response that the higher assuming that the heritability estimates remain. Selection differential value obtained catfish Siamese F2 cohort 1 are selected by 281.57 g which means that the average weight of the population of selection increased by 30.82%. It can provide an opportunity to increase the weighted average of catfish conjoined at the next generation in response to theselection made.

Distribution pattern or distribution of standard length, total length and weight of the individual in the population of origin and selected populations of catfish Siamese showing distribution of standard length, total length and weight of the population from which the individual is no equivalent to the population selected (Figure 7). This occurs because of the difference in the size of male and female fish where the fish on top of the size of the fish is dominated by females in pairs, so that the cut off the male fish are below the cut-off average. In addition, the performance of each of the families that are not the same while the selection method used is selected in a family where each family to donate individuals selected also led to the distribution pattern or distribution occurs.

Figure 7:The distribution pattern of the standard length, total length and weight of a selected population and the population from siamese catfish F2 cohort 1.

Siamesecatfishpopulation establishment F2 cohort 2 material selection

Observations on the average standard length and the total length on population selection and control of catfish Siamese F2 cohort 2 produces the Coefficient of Variation (CV) were moderate (<20%) while the character of body weight in the population selection and control of yield Coefficient of Variation (CV) were classified as moderate (20-50%). Despite having a higher CV value, the resulting pattern on catfish Siamese F2 cohort 2 is similar to Siamese catfish cohort1 F2. In character weight which is a character that is used as a selection parameter, the value of CV on Siamese catfish F2 cohort 2 at 39.90 to 40.50% while the catfish Siamese F2 cohort 1 CV values ​​obtained at 18.53 -22.19 % (Table 3)[6]states that to determine the diversity of a character used the following criteria: low if CV (0-20%), moderate (20-50%) and high (>50%). The coefficient of variation shows the value of the diversity of the population measured, where the higher the value of the coefficient of variation showed that the population measured have a broad diversity or more heterogeneous, whereas if a lower variation coefficient means the population being measured has a value of diversity narrower or more homogeneous. In the clinical population have seen that the character length variation coefficient smaller than the character's body weight, it suggests that the character length is more homogeneous or have a narrow diversity than its weight. This indicates that the selection is more effectively done on the character of body weight have a higher diversity[11].

Distribution pattern or distribution of standard length, total length and weight of the individual on the selection and population control population Siamese catfish F2 cohort 2 is presented in (Figure 8). In the distribution curve seen that the distribution of population data for Siamese catfish F2 cohort 2 selections is on the right distribution of data population control. This shows an increase in performance compared to the control population selected population. So that the value of CV is quite high and the distribution patterns or the distribution generated, Siamese catfish F2 population cohort 2 has a greater chance for selection.

The results obtained showed that the response of siamese catfish selection in F2 cohort 2 at 5 months of age for the character of body weight has a massive genetic progress (ΔG) of 10.47 g with a value high enough response Selection of 10.50% (Table 3) although this value is lower than Siamese catfish F2 cohort 1 that reached 21.34% (Table 1).

Figure 8:The distribution pattern of the standard length, total length and weight of a selected population and the population from Siamese catfish F2 cohort 1

With the value of the response selection character of siamese catfish body weight in a population cohort of conjoined F2 1 aged 11 months in the amount of 21.34% (ΔG = 164.21 g) and the Siamese catfish populations F2 cohort 2 5 months of age in the amount of 10.50% (ΔG = 10.47 g), so that the known value of the selection response averages in the population of Siamese catfish F2 of 15.92%. Thus, the combined value of the selection response between populations of catfish Siamese F1 and F2 Siamese catfish population of 36.83%[12].

Conclusion

The population of siamese catfish F2 selection had a higher growth performance than the control. Values ​​response character selection on body weight siamese catfish populations F2 cohort 1 aged 11 months in the amount of 21.34% (ΔG = 164.21 grams) and the Siamese catfish populations F2 cohort 2, 5 months of age in the amount of 10.50% (ΔG = 10.47 grams), so that the known value of the selection responseaverages in the population of siamese catfish F2 of 15.92%. Siamese catfish F2population has the potential to be proposed as a candidate for release siamesecatfish is superior because it has the combined value of the selection response ≥30,00%, the combined value of the selection response between populations of siamese catfish F1 and F2 Siamese catfish population of 36.83%.

 


Figure 1:Schematic flow diagram of the selection process Siamese catfish in the ResearchInstitute for Fish Breeding,Sukamandi.



Figure 6:The distribution pattern of standard length, total length and weight of selection and population control population of catfish Siamese F2 cohort 1.


Figure 7:The distribution pattern of the standard length, total length and weight of a selected population and the population from siamese catfish F2 cohort 1.



Figure 8:The distribution pattern of the standard length, total length and weight of a selected population and the population from Siamese catfish F2 cohort 1.



 

Remark

Variable

Standard length (cm)

Total length (cm)

Body weight (g)

 

Selection

Control

Selection

Control

Selection

Control

Sample value /N (fish)

300

300

300

300

300

300

Maximaum value

45

42

55

52

1,576.00

1,340.00

Minimum value

30

27.5

43.3

34

556

396

Mean value

37.27

35.22

45.83

43.88

933.85

769.65

Standard of deviation

2.4

2.61

2.6

3.07

173.02

170.79

Coefficient of Variation (%)

6.43

7.42

5.68

7

18.53

22.19

Genetic Gain (ΔG)

 

2.05

 

1.95

 

164.21

Response of Selection (%)

 

5.81

 

4.44

 

21.34

 

Table 1: The mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, genetic gain and selectionresponse selection and population control population Siamese catfish F2 cohort 1aged 11 months.

 

 

Remark

 

Variable

Standard length (cm)

Total length(cm)

Body weight (g)

 

Selected

Origin

Selected

Origin

Selected

Origin

Sample value/N (fish)

144

144

144

144

144

144

Maximum value

45.5

39

55

48.5

1,676.00

1,070.00

Minimum value

36

34

44.5

42

902

708

Mean value

39.75

36.72

48.6

45.29

1,195.06

913.49

Standard of Deviation

1.83

1.2

2.28

1.35

142.19

62.31

Coefficient of Variation (%)

4.59

3.28

4.7

2.97

11.9

6.82

Differential ofSelection

 

3.04

 

3.32

 

281.57

Heritability (h2)

 

1.92

 

1.34

 

0.08

 

Table 2:The mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, differential selection and heritability values ​​of selected populations and populations of Siamese catfish origin F2 cohort 1 aged 11 months.

 

Remark

Variable

 

Standard length (cm)

Total length(cm)

Body weight (g)

 

Selection

Control

Selection

Control

Selection

Control

 Sample value/N (fish)

297

88

297

88

297

88

Maximum value

25.5

22.5

31.5

27.7

299.00

202.00

Minimum value.

12.7

12.2

15.7

14.7

30

28

Mean value

18.44

17.82

22.86

21.93

110.23

99.76

Standard of Deviation

2.45

2.41

2.95

2.96

44.64

39.81

Coefficient of Variance (%)

13.29

13.54

12.92

13.52

40.5

39.9

Genetic Gain (ΔG)

 

0.62

 

0.94

 

10.47

Response of Selection (%)

 

3.48

 

4.27

 

10.5

 

Table 3. The mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, genetic gain and selectionresponse selection and population control population Siamese catfish F2 cohort 2 aged 5 months.

 

 

 

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