Effect of Feeding Rate and Diet Oil Source on Growth Performance and Feed Utilization of Rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) Fry

1.       Introduction

 Rabbitfishes belong to the genus Siganus of the family siganidae [1]. Siganids are herbivorous marine and brackish water fishes that are found throughout the indo west pacific [2], and the more common species are the objects of traditional subsistence and commercial fisheries throughout this region. There has been interest in the culture of these fishes in ponds or cages in several areas [3].

 Rabbitfish high tolerances to environmental factors, tolerance to rough handing and crowding so can be stocked at very high density [4]. Rabbitfish are considered to be excellent food fish in many parts of the world especially in the eastern Mediterranean and indo-pacific regions [5] and are economically important and relatively easy to rear and thus considered suitable for aquaculture [6]. Additionally, rabbitfish have a high market value in Eastern Mediterranean countries [7], invaded the eastern Mediterranean via Suez Canal.

 The optimal feeding rate is the most important factor in the success of any aquaculture practice because overfeeding or underfeeding leads to increased disease, re­sulting in higher mortality [8].

 By controlling the feeding rates, farmers can successfully reduce cost; maximize growth whilst managing other factors such as individual size variation and water quality which are considered important in rearing of fish in culture conditions [9]. Knowledge about optimum feeding levels is important not only for promoting good growth and feed efficiency, but also for preventing water quality deterioration as the result of excess feeding and enhancing economic viability of aquaculture processing [10]. Several factors influence the feeding rate in aquaculture system. These include fish size, species and rearing systems [11]. In addition, feeding rate is influenced by the presence of the nutrients in the feed [12].

 Besides, the total replacement of fish oil as main source of fat with plant oils on growth and feed utilization of rabbitfish fry. The higher prices and uncertainty of availability of Fish Oil (FO). So, the much attention has been focused on vegetable oils, which have lower price and larger production volume than FO [13] and a number of studies have shown that plant oils could replace substantial levels of FO without affecting the survival and growth of fishes [14] and [15]. Moreover, [16] demonstrated that up to 90% of dietary fish oil can be replaced by vegetable (palm) oils without compromising growth or feed utilization of some fish species such as Clarias gariepinus and Mystus nemurus. [17] reported that, in rainbow trout up to 80-90% of vegetable oils (e.g., soybean; rapeseed; olive; and palm oils) can be used without compromising their growth. In relation to fish requirement of fatty acids, the marine fish species generally have only ω-3 PUFA which originate from marine phytoplankton. However, there are several marine species whose lipids contain comparatively high levels of ω-6 PUFA. Generally, it is known that, ω-3 PUFA are required by all marine fishes including subtropical fish species [18].

 Consideration of a few of the studies which were conducted on siganidae, So the present study aimed to determine the best feeding rate and evaluate the total replacement of fish oil as main source of fat with plant oils from diet on growth and feed utilization of rabbitfish fry.

 2.       Materials and Methods

 The present study was conducted using the research facilities of Shakshouk Fish Research Station, Fayoum Governorate, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Egypt. Rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) fry were obtained from (Mediterranean Sea) National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria Governorate-Egypt, initial average weight for this fry was 0.18 g±0.012 (SE Standard Error) and initial average length was 2.76 cm±0.057.

 2.1. Fish acclimatization

 The fish were acclimatized to water condition Lake Qaroun (33 part per thousand, ppt). Fish were acclimatized for one week before size sorting and removing of large and small fish.

 2.2. Diet preparation

 Two artificial diets A and B were formulated to have fish or linseed oils as fat sources, with about 36 % crude protein for each (Table, 1). Fatty acids compositions of artificial feed were shown in (Table 2). (Table 1).  Ingredients and a proximate chemical analysis of the experimental diets (A and B).

2.3 Experimental Ponds

               This trial was carried out in twelve concrete ponds. The dimensions of each pond were 2m length, 2m width and 1m height and the water volume of each pond was 3m³.

 2.4. Trial Design and Distribution of Fish in Ponds

 This trial consisted of two factors, the first factor was feeding rate (5%, 7% and 9% of fish body weight) with two diets (36.44% CP) differ in source oil (diet A contained fish oil as main source of fat while diet B contained linseed oil as main source of fat. The stocking density was 40 fish per m³ (120 fish per each pond) the water exchange rate was 35% of water volume in each pond every two days and the feeding was twice daily at 9 am and 4 pm.

 2.5. Running Water System in Experimental Units (Tanks)

 The system contained on water pump, sand filter unit and two large tanks (10000 liter/tank) used to storage the water at a point between the water source (Lake Qaroun water) and experimental units. The water pump was raising the water from water source to the sand filter unit then to the large tanks and hence to experimental units.

 2.6. Aeration System of Experimental Units (Tanks)

 The system contained on air pump or blower connected to a network of plastic pipes this pipes transport the air to each experimental unit, the air was controlled by tap of each pond and the air diffusers was used to distribute of air in all experimental unit trends.

 2.7. Water Quality

 Some water quality parameters were measured of each treatment. Temperature, pH, salinity and EC were measured daily at 1pm, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was measured every week. Nitrite, nitrate, total ammonia was measured every two weeks. by centigrade thermometer, Orion digital pH meter model 201, Refractometer (VITAL Sine SR-6, China), Conductivity meter model (YSI.SCT-33) and oxygen meter (Cole Parmer model 5946) respectively. While nitrite, nitrate, total ammonia was measured by the chemical methods according to [21, 22].

 2.8.  Measurements of Growth Performance and some of the Internal Organs

 Total weight Gain (TG), Average Daily Gain (ADG), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Survival Rate (SR), Hepatosomatic Index (HSI) and Viscerosomatic Index (VSI).

 2.9. These Parameters Were Calculated According the Following Equations

TG, g = final weight (W₂)-initial weight (W₁), ADG, g/day = average weight gain, g / experimental period, day, RGR, % = [(W₂ - W₁₎ / W₁] × 100, SGR, % /day = [(ln W₂-ln W₁)/t] × 100 whereas ln: is the natural log. and t: is the time in days, SR% = (Number of fish at end/ Number of fish at start) × 100, (HSI, %) = (liver weight/body weight) ×100 and (VSI, %) = (weight of viscera and associated fat tissue/body weight) ×100.

 2.10. Measurements of Feed Utilization Efficiency

 Feed Intake g/ fish (FI), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Protein Productive Value (PPV), Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER), Energy Productive Value (EPV) and Lipid Retention (LR).

 2.11. These parameters were calculated according the following equations:

 FI, g/fish feed intake during the trial period/ the final number of fish for this trial, FCR = feed intake, g / weight gain, g., FCE, % = (weight gain, g./ feed intake, g) × 100, PER= Weight gain, g/ Protein intake, g., PPV, % = (Retained protein, g/ Protein intake, g) × 100, EER = Weight gain, g/ Energy intake, Kcal, EPV, % = (Retained Energy, Kcal/ Energy intake, Kcal) × 100, LR, % = (Retained lipid, g/ lipid intake, g) × 100.

 2.12. Chemical analysis of feeds and whole fish body

 The chemical analysis of diet and whole body fish samples were carried out as described by (A.O.A.C, 1984) [19] and Gross Energy (GE) was estimated for formulated diets the factors 5.64, 9.44 and 4.11 Kcal/g for CP, EE and carbohydrates, respectively, were used [20], for fish 5.5 and 9.5 Kcal/g for protein and fat respectively [23].

 2.13. Fatty acid analysis and Gas Chromatography (GC) Conditions

 Lipid extraction was carried out according to [24]. Preparation of fatty acid methyl ester was carried out according to Jumat et al. (2006) [25] and Siew et al. (1995) [26]. The fatty acid composition of oils was determined using its fatty acid methyl esters and was injected into gas-chromatography for analysis. The identification of the peaks was carried out by retention times [27].

 2.14. Gas Chromatography (GC) Conditions

 Device Model :HP (Hewlett Packard) 6890GC, Detectore: FID( Flame Ionization Detector), detectore temperature 240ºC, injector temperature 220^ºC, Injection volume 3µl, Split ratio 50:1, column: DB-23 (50%-Cyanopropyl-methylpolysiloxane), 30, 0.32mm ID, 0.25µm film thickness. Carrier gas: Nitrogen, gas flow: 1ml/min. Oven program: Initial temperature 140^ºC for 5 min, Ramps 1, Rate^ºC/ min 4 and final temperature 240^ºC.

 2.15. Statistical Analysis

 The data were analyzed by general linear model and significant differences were determined by Duncan waller Multiple Range Test at 5% level using SPSS Statistical Package Program (SPSS, 2007) [28] SPSS Inc. Released 2007. SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0.

 3.       Results and Discussion

 3.1. Water Quality

 Water quality parameters in this trial were shown in (Table 3). These results cleared that, increase of feeding rate lead to increase of nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia concentration. However, the averages of water temperature, pH, water salinity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), nitrite, nitrate and total ammonia values in all treatments were within the acceptable limits for rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) fry as reported by (Westernhagen and [29], Huguenin and Colt, 1989 [30], Meade, 1989 [31], Davis, 1993 [32], Lawson, 1995 [33], ANZECC, 2000 ‘[34], EPA, 2003 [35], Saoud et al., 2007b [36] and Saoud et al., 2008) [37]. It can be said that, the water quality was not affected by feeding rate and dietary oil sources.

4.       Growth performance

 4.1. Effect of Feeding Rate On Growth Performance of Rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) Fry Regardless the Diet Oil Source.

As shown in (Table 4) The results showed that, insignificant differences at level (p≤0.05) were obtained by feeding rate in the final weight (W₂), Total Weight Gain (TG), Average Daily Gain (ADG), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Survival Rate (SR). In relation to, some of the internal organs parameters, no significant differences between treatments in Hepatosomatic Index (HSI) but Viscerosomatic Index (VSI) was significantly differed between the treatments and both the second and the third treatment was higher in (VSI) value than the first treatment.

 The growth parameters values increased with increasing the feeding rate, this agree with results of other studies are different in various species. Studies with several fish species have revealed that with increasing feeding rate, the growth increases at higher ration levels and decreases at lower ration levels [12]. Who reported the highest specific growth rate was obtained in the fry of silver dollar [38], Metynnis schreitmulleri fed at 9% body weight per day. And [39] stated that, increasing feeding rate increases the availability of resources (e.g., amino acids, structural lipids, energy) for growth, and weight gain is typically greater among fish at higher feeding rates. Shamoushaki et al. (2012) [40] found that, the highest growth was obtained with Rutilus frisii Kutum fish fed 10% BW/day. Also in the same trend, studies on other fish such as Mystus nemurus [10] Dicentrarchus labrax [42] showed that, feeding rate with 10% BW /day fish growth was better.

Moreover, Silva et al. (2007) [42] showed that, increasing feeding rate on Colossoma macropomum with 10% BW /day is more growth.

 On the other hand, (Table 4) showed that, the growth performance and survival rate were not significantly affected by the different feeding rates. Hence, it can be said that, the lowest of feeding rate (5% of body weight) is better than 7% and 9% feeding rate in terms of reducing of feed offered per fish. This lead to reducing of the cost production. Moreover, many studies were conducted to evaluate the optimum feeding rate and agreed with our results such as Deyab and Hussein (2015) [43] who reported that, feeding rate of 5% of body weight daily can be considered as the optimal feeding rate for red tilapia fingerlings and It should be noted that optimal feeding rate is essential not only because of promoting best growth and minimizing Feed Conversion Rate (FCR), but also for economic and environmental aspects, preventing water quality degradation [44]. In addition to, the optimum feeding rate is helpful to minimize the feed loss, reduce water pollution and decrease cost of aquaculture production [45].

 The survival rate in this study was not significantly affected by the different feeding rate, these are in agreement with (Shamoushaki et al., 2012) [40] and Deyab and Hussein, (2015) [43]. In general, the optimum feeding rate differs according to fish species, size, temperature, the availability of natural food and rearing system [12,46]. And the small fish would require higher feeding rates than large fish under similar culture conditions [11].

 Hepatosomatic Index (HSI) was not significantly by feeding rate, this result was supported by Du et al. (2006) [45] who found that, the feeding rate did not affect significantly on HSI of grass carp juvenile.

 4.2. Diets Composition of Fatty Acids

 As shown in (Table 2) the diet (A, which contained fish oil as main source of fat) had a high level of saturated fatty acid SFA (21.30 %) of fatty acids and ∑ω-3 (39.31 %) of fatty acids compared with diet (B) which contained on linseed oil as main source of fat. Monounsaturated fatty acid MUFA, Arashidonic acid C20:4ω6 and Eicosapentaenoic acid C20:5ω-3 was 24.12%, 3.97% and 10.79 % respectively of fatty acids with diet (A) while these values were 23.65%, 4.08% and not detected respectively with diet (B). Diet (A) had the higher level of Eicosadienoic acid C20:2ω-6, Eicosatrienoic acid C20:3ω-3, Docosadienoic acid C22:2 than diet (B) as well as the diet (A) had the highest of Docosahexaenoic acid C22:6ω-3 while did not detected with the diet (B).

 ∑ω-3/ ∑ω-6 was higher with the diet (A) than the diet (B). On the contrary, Diet (B) had higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acid PUFA (61.18 % of fatty acids) and ∑ω-6 (43.02 % of fatty acids) than the diet (A). Whereas, percentage of PUFA and ∑ω6 were 53.91% and 11.45% respectively for diet (A). Linoleic acid C18:2ω6 was 38.63 % of fatty acids with diet (B) while it was 4.30% with diet (A). Moreover, the diet (B) had the highest percentage of Linolenic acid C18:3ω3 and it did not detect with diet (A).

 4.3. Effect of diet oil source on growth performance of rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) fry regardless the feeding rate.

 The growth performance parameters shown in (Table 4) there were significantly affected by diet oil source, the fish fed on the diet (A) containing fish oil as main source of fat was the higher and the best in final length (L₂: 7.38 cm), final weight (W₂ :5.69 g), total weight gain (TG:5.51 g) average daily gain (ADG:0.048 g/day), relative growth rate (RGR: 3061.10%) and specific growth rate (SGR/day: 3.01%) than fish fed on the diet (B) containing linseed oil as main source of fat , which recorded final length (L₂: 6.61 cm ), final weight (W₂:4.46 g), total weight gain (TG:4.28 g) average daily gain (ADG:0.037g/day), relative growth rate (RGR: 2379.60%) and specific growth rate (SGR/day: 2.80%).

 The statistical analysis did not appear significant differences between the diet (A) and the diet (B) in survival rate (SR), (HSI) and (VSI).

 It can be said that, the diet (A) was the best in the growth parameters compared with the diet (B) or the fish oil positively affected on growth of rabbitfish fry in comparison with linseed oil. These results revealed the important role of fish oil in the fish feed. Whereas, the fish lipid contains predominantly unsaturated fatty acid, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. Fish oil rich in ω-3 fatty acid and most fish have requirement for ω-3 fatty acids [47] as well as marine oils are superior in their fatty acid composition. The results were in agreement with) [48] who found that, red tilapia fed at fish oil diet had the highest (W₂), (TG), (ADG) and (SGR) compared with the fish fed at linseed oil diet. Moreover, Izquierdo et al. (2003) [49] and Montero et al. (2008) [50] reported that, total FO substitution by vegetable oils diets in sea bass and gilthead sea bream reduced fish growth. Unlike, Masiha et al. (2013) [51] suggested that, canola and flaxseed oils can be used to replace fish oil without adverse effects on growth performance of rainbow trout fingerlings. Piedecausa et al. (2007) [15] showed that, the replacement of fish oil with soybean or linseed oil in sea bream diets does not effect on fish growth.

 The analysis was showed in (Table 2) which cleared the diets composition of fatty acid, demonstrated that, the diet (A) had the high levels of SFA and ∑ω-3. Moreover, the diet (A) had higher levels of MUFA than diet (B). In addition to, Eicosapentaenoic acid and Docosahexaenoic acid did not detect with diet (B). Also the ω-3/ ω-6 was the higher with the diet (A) than the diet (B). Hence, replacing fish oil in aquaculture diets presents difficulties because most vegetable oils are relatively poor sources of ω-3 and longer chain ω-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids fatty acids according to (NRC, 1993) [21]. As well as, Fish oil (FO) is highly digestible, which leads to increased growth, FO is also considered to increase feed appeal (FAO, 1986) [51]. This reasons resulted in the fish fed at the diet (A) was superior to fish fed at the diet (B) in the growth parameters.

 With regard to Survival Rate (SR%) it’s not significantly differ between treatments, this result was similar to El-Tawil et al. (2014) [47] said that, the replacement dietary fish oil with different plant oils did not effect on survival rate of Nil tilapia and also Arslan et al., (2008) [52] found the same with juvenile surubim, there were insignificant differences in survival rate when fish oil replaced by linseed or olive oils in fish diets. In the same trend El-Tawil and Amer (2010) [53] had found with red tilapia. They suggested that, the replacement of fish oil with linseed oil in diets did not cause any negative effect on growth performance or survival rate. Lim et al. (2008) [54] indicated that, there was no significant difference in survival rate of Nile tilapia fed on fish oil or vegetable oils in diet.

 The results cleared also there are not significant between the treatments in (HSI, %) and (VSI, %). This agrees with Babalola and Apata (2012) [55] who reported that, the HSI was not influenced by the different types dietary lipid. Tidwell et al. (2007) [56] also reported that, the HSI and VSI showed no significant differences among dietary groups (P>0.05) of Siganus canaliculatus. Xu et al. (2011) [57] and Aminikhoei et al. (2014) [58] found that, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and Viscerasomatic Index (VSI) were not influenced by dietary lipid sources. Moreover, Peng et al. (2008) [59] said that, did not note the differences in the HSI value of black sea bream fed FO or SBO diet.

 4.4. Effect of interaction between feeding rate and diet oil source of growth performance of rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) fry

 As shown in (Table 4) the statistical analysis revealed significantly differences between the treatments in (L₂), (W₂), (TG), (ADG), (RGR), and (SGR/day, %). The fish fed at the diet (A) with 9% feeding rate (A3) was obtained the highest (W₂), (TG), (RGR), and (SGR/day, %) in all the treatments. The W₂ did not significantly differ with the fish fed at diet (A) with 5% feeding rate (A1), 7% feeding rate (A2) and fish fed at the diet (B) with 7 (B2), 9% feeding rate (B3). While the fish fed at the diet (B) with 5% feeding rate (B1) obtained the lowest W₂ in all the treatments. The highest TG, ADG and RGR were obtained by (A3) followed by (A2) and these parameters did not differ between (A1) and (B2), while both (B3) and (B1) had the lowest TG, ADG and RGR between the treatments. The highest SGR was recorded by (A3) and it did not differ between (A2), (B2) and (A1). While, the lowest SGR was recorded by (B3) followed by (B1). The highest L₂ was recorded with (A3) and it did not differ between (A1), (A2), (B1), (B2) and (B3).

 The survival rate (SR) did not significantly differ between the treatments and was not affected by feeding rate or diet oil source. This agree with [42,47,52,60].

 The highest HSI value was obtained with (B3), HSI value did not differ between (A1), (A3), (B1) and (B2) also the lowest HSI value was obtained with (A2). VSI was higher with (A2), (A3), (B2), and (B3) than (A1) and (B1).

 The results cleared that, the feeding rates with the diet (A) obtained better growth rate than the diet (B) and the relative growth of rabbitfish fry increased with increasing feeding rate from 5 to 9 % of fish body weight with the diet (A). Whereas, the 9% feeding rate with diet A (A3) was better in growth rate than 7% and 5% feeding rate with diet A (A2, A1). While the relative growth of rabbitfish fry decreased with increasing feeding rate from 5 to 9 % of fish body weight with the diet (B) whereas, the 7% feeding rate with diet B (B2) had higher values in the most of growth parameters than (B3 and B1).

 These results confirmed that, fish fed at the diet (A) was better in the growth rate than the fish fed at the diet (B). This may be due to FO is highly digestible when fed to fish provided they have not oxidized, well-balanced essential fatty acids and the high level of ω-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (HUFA), which are known to be essential for the optimal growth and health of farmed fish as mentioned earlier. As well as, total FO substitution by vegetable oils in diets reduced fish growth [46-49,61]. 

 From these results it can be observed that, the fish fed at the diet (A) their growth rate increased with increasing of the feeding rate from 5% to 9% of fish body weight, this agree with Zonneveled and Fadholi (1991) [62] who found that, the relation between growth and feeding rate is linear. Singh et al. (2003) [37] found that, percentage weight gain increased with the increase in feeding rates from 3 to 9% body weight per day and feeding rate of 9% body weight per day was observed to be better for Metynnis schreitmulleri fry fed a 35% protein diet. In the same trend the results get on with this may be due to FO is also considered to increase feed appeal [13,38,40,41]. This encourages farmed fish and crustaceans to locate feed and increases consumption, thereby reducing wastage [51].

 On the other hand, 5% feeding rate with both the diet (A) and (B) is not sufficient for the rabbitfish fry growth, this get on with Shamoushaki et al. (2012) [39] who reported that, underfeeding is undesirable and negatively effect on growth rate. This disagree with Deyab and Hussein (2015) [42] who found that, feeding rate of 5% of body weight daily can be considered as the optimal feeding rate for red tilapia fingerlings and [63] indicated that, African catfish could be fed 5% body weight twice a day with maximum growth and profit.

 The fish fed at the diet (B) with 7% feeding rate was better in growth performance than 5 and 9% feeding rate. This agree with studies conducted on other fish species have shown that feed consumption and growth generally

 increased with feeding level up to a given limit reported that [39,64,65], overfeeding above 7% feeding rate causes relatively degradation of water quality and consequently, the fish growth reduces and cost increases and they found the highest occurred in the 7.5% BW d⁻¹ (Table 5) Effect of feeding rate and the diet oil source on feed utilization efficiency of rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) fry of Cyprinus carpio. A similar result was also found in sea bass (Russell et al., 1996) [66] and Rachycentron canadum (Sun et al., 2006) [67]. The best growth found at the 7.5% and 7% BW d⁻¹.

 5.       Feed Utilization Efficiency

 5.1. Effect of feeding rate on feed utilization efficiency of rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) fry regardless the diet oil source

 Effect of feeding rate on feed utilization parameters are showed in (Table 5) the feed utilization parameters were significantly affected by the feeding rates. The highest feed intake (FI, g/Fish) achieved by the fish fed at 9% feeding rate followed by the fish fed at 7% while the lowest (FI, g/Fish) was achieved by the fish fed at 5%. The best (FCR) was recorded by the fish fed at 5% feeding rate followed by 7% and the worst (FCR) was obtained by 9% feeding rate, in the same trend was (FCE).

The highest value of PER, PPV, EER, EPV, and LR was achieved with the fish fed 5% feeding rate followed by 7% but the lowest value of these parameters were recorded by 9% feeding rate.

 The results are shown in (Table 5) Fish fed at 5% feeding rate was the best in all of the feed utilization parameters followed by 7% feeding rate while the fish fed at 9% feeding rate was the worst in all the feed utilization parameters. This was in agreement with, Deyab and Hussein (2015) [42] who found that, the FCR values increased with increasing feeding rates. Ashley-dejo et al. (2014) [63] reported that, the highest PER and low FCR in treatments fed 3% body weight followed by 4 and 5% body weight respectively. Also, feed efficiency decreased linearly with the increasing feeding rate from 1 to 3% BW/day (Du et al., 2006) [44]. As well as, over-feeding of fish will cause the overload of stomach and intestine, and decrease the efficiency of digestion and absorption (Jobling, 1986) [69], and thus reduces feed efficiency (Hung and Lutes, 1987) [70].

5.2 Effect of diet oil source on feed utilization efficiency of rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) fry regardless the feeding rate

 As shown in (Table 5) The statistical analysis do not show any significant differences between the fish fed at the diet (A) and diet (B) in all the feed utilization parameters. This agree with Aminikhoei et al. (2014) [58] reported that, four is nitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated with either Fish Oil (FO), Soybean Oil (SBO), Linseed Oil (LO) or a mixture of SBO and LO (SBO+LO), the results showed that, the feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratios of black sea bream were not affected by dietary lipid sources (p>0.05).

 El-Tawil and Amer (2010) [53] observed no significant differences (P>0.05) between PER values of red tilapia fed on fish oil or linseed oil diets. Tidwell et al. (2007) [56] studied that, the effects of feeding diets supplemented with oils of varying sources of juvenile Largemouth Bass and they found the feed utilization efficiency (i.e., FCR) were not significantly different.

 Moreover, Bahurmiz and Ng (2007) [71] stated that, the feed utilization efficiency of red hybrid tilapia fed the FO or the three palm oil-based diets were not significantly different (P>0.05). Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio did not differ statistically among dietary groups. Other study evaluated the suitability of canola and flaxseed oils as source of supplemental dietary lipid for fingerlings of rainbow trout, this study reported insignificant differences in FCR between the treatments (Masiha et al. 2013) [50].

 On the other hand, these results disagree with (Ali et al., 2000 [72], Bablola and Apata, 2012 [55], Thiaw, 2013 [73] and El-Tawil et al., 2014) [47] all these references reported that, the feed efficiency is affected by the dietary oil source.

 5.3. Effect of interaction between feeding rate and diet oil source on feed utilization efficiency of rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) fry

 The interaction between feeding rate and diet oil source on feed utilization of rabbitfish fry are showed in (Table 5) the results appeared significant differences in all the feed utilization parameters between the treatments. The highest values of Feed Intake (FI) were recorded with the fish fed at the diet (A) compared with the diet (B) this may be return to the positive effect of fish oil on the feed consumption as lately mention. And the lowest (FI) was achieved with (B1) and (A1) followed by (B2) and (A2) while the highest values of (FI) recorded by (A3) and (B3) this are naturally, whereas the feed intake increases with increasing the feeding rate.

 The best FCR value was achieved with (A1) and (B1) followed by (A2) and (B2) while the worst of FCR recorded by (A3) and (B3) in the same trended was FCE, PER and EER. The highest level of PPV was recorded by (A1) followed by (B1), (A2), (B2), (B3) and (A3) respectively. The highest value of EPV and LR was recorded by (B1) followed by (A1), (B2), (A2), (B3) and (A3) respectively. From these results it can be observed the feed utilization parameters inversely related with increasing of the feeding rate, this are in agreement with El-Dakar et al. (2010) [74] who reported that, increasing feed level resulted in an increase of energy lost in the feces as a proportion of the energy intake. It may be decrease the efficiency of digestion and absorption. Therefore, not all feed intake converted to growth by fish. Study of El- Dakar (1999) [75] showed that FCR, PER and PPV improved by decreasing feeding level. In the same trend these results get on with EL-Sayed et al. (1993) [76], El- Meligi (2003) [77], Yufera et al. (1995) [78], El-Sayed (2002) [79], Du et al. (2006) [44], Ashley-dejo et al. (2014) [63] and Deyab and Hussein (2015) [42].

 6.       Whole Body Chemical Composition and Energy Content

 6.1. Effect of feeding rate on whole body chemical composition and energy content of rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) fry regardless the diet oil source

 Whole body chemical composition and energy content of whole body rabbitfish fry (Siganus rivulatus) at the beginning and the end of the experimental period are shown in (Table 6) there were significant differences between the treatments at the end of the experimental period in Dry Matter (DM), Ether Extract (EE) and Gross Energy (GE). While, there were insignificant differences in crude protein CP and ash between the treatments.

(Table 6) cleared that, DM, EE and GE increased with increasing of feeding rate whereas the highest value of DM, EE and GE was achieved by the fish fed at 9% feeding rate followed by 7% feeding rate and 5% was the lowest in this items. This completely agree with Du et al. (2006) [44] who found that, the body content of CP and ash was not significantly differed by feeding rates and DM, EE increased with increasing of the feeding rate. Moreover, Spadefish fed at higher feeding rates accumulated significantly more lipid within the body and had an associated decrease in moisture, protein, and ash content (Trushenski et al., 2012) [38]. However, Ghousia and Shantha (2001) [80] who found that protein increased with increasing feeding rate, while the fat increased with decreasing feeding rate.

6.2.  Effect of diet oil source on whole body chemical composition and energy content of rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) fry regardless the feeding rate

 Whole body chemical composition and energy content of rabbitfish fry (Siganus rivulatus) at the beginning and the end of the experimental period are shown in (Table 6) there were significant differences in the DM, EE and ash content of whole body rabbitfish fry at the end of the experimental period between the fish fed at the diet (A) and (B). While, the CP and GE were not significantly differences between the fish fed at the diet (A) and (B). The DM and EE were higher with diet (B) than diet (A). This result partial agrees with Tidwell et al. (2007) [56] who found that, the EE increased in Largemouth bass whole body which fed on linseed oil diet than fish fed at diet contained on fish oil. Unlike, [58] reported that, dietary lipid source did not effect on lipid of Black Sea bream muscle.

 6.3. Effect of interaction between feeding rate and diet oil source on whole body chemical composition and energy content of rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) fry

 The interaction between feeding rate and diet oil source on whole body chemical composition and energy content of rabbitfish fry (Siganus rivulatus) at the beginning and the end of the experimental period are shown in (Table 6) there were significant differences in the DM, CP, EE, ash content and GE of whole body rabbitfish fry at the end of the experimental period between the fish fed at the diet (A) and (B) with different feeding rate.

 The (B2) had the highest DM followed by (B3), (A3), (B1), (A2) and (A1) respectively, the highest CP was achieved by (A1) and (A2), the (B1), (B2), (B3) did not differ in CP and the lowest CP was achieved by (A3). The highest EE was achieved with (B2) followed by (A3), (B3), (B1), (A2) and (A1) respectively. The highest ash content was obtained by (A1) followed by (A2) and insignificant between (B3), (A3) and (B1) while the lowest ash was with (B2). The highest GE was achieved by (B2) and (B3) followed by (A3), (B1) and the lowest GE was with (A2) and (A1).

 In general, the DM, EE and GE for fish fed at diet (A) increased with increasing of the feeding rate, the (B2) had higher DM, EE and GE than (B3) and (B1). It can be observed that, the fish had high growth were the highest in DM, EE and GE. This may be due to an increase of feeding rate accumulated significantly more lipid according to (Trushenski et al. 2012) [38].

 7.       Conclusion

 The growth parameters values increased with increasing the feeding rate but the growth performance and survival rate were not significantly affected by the different feeding rates regardless the diet oil source. it can be said the lowest of feeding rate of 5% was the better than 7% and 9% feeding rate in terms of reducing of feed offered per fish and this lead to reducing of the cost production. Also, it can be said that the diet (A) which contained on fish oil as main source of fat was the best in the growth parameters compared with the diet (B) or the fish oil positively affected on growth of rabbitfish fry in comparison with linseed oil regardless the feeding rates.

 It can be concluded that, the interaction between the feeding rates and the dietary oil source cleared that the 9% and 7% feeding rate with diet (A) achieved the highest growth compared with the other treatments in both diet (A) and (B), the 5% feeding rate with diet (A) equaled with the 7% feeding rate with diet (B) in growth performance.

Table 1: Ingredients and a proximate chemical analysis of the experimental diets (A and B).

Table 2: Fatty acids composition (% of total fatty acid) of the experimental diets.

Table 3: Mean (±SE) of water quality parameters

Table 4: Effect of feeding rate and the diet oil source on growth performance of rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) fry.

Table 5: Effect of feeding rate and the diet oil source on feed utilization efficiency of rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) fry

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