Six Critically Ill COVID-19 Pregnant Patients at a Detroit Hospital: A Case Series
Nicolina Smith1*, Leah Hong1, Monica Lee-Griffith1, Madhurima Keerthy1, Majid Shaman2, Robyn Garcia2, Gregory Goyert2
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henry Ford Hospital, USA
2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, USA
*Corresponding author: Nicolina Smith, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
Received Date: 15 June, 2020; Accepted Date: 23 June, 2020; Published Date: 29 June, 2020
Citation: Smith N, Hong L, Lee-Griffith M, Keerthy M, Shaman M, et al. (2020) Six Critically Ill COVID-19 Pregnant Patients at a Detroit Hospital: A Case Series. Gynecol Obstet Open Acc: OBOA-140. DOI: 10.29011/2577-2236.100040
Abstract
Objective: Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) can cause viral pneumonia with rapid deterioration into acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring intubation. Pregnant patients with respiratory collapse secondary to COVID-19 present multiple management challenges. We present a case series of 6 pregnant patients with severe COVID-19 infection requiring admission into the intensive care unit. Their clinical course, medical management, and critical care interventions are described.
Methods: This is a retrospective, single-center case series of pregnant women who were infected with COVID-19 and subsequently required critical care. Inclusion criteria were pregnant patients with a positive COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swab and admission to the intensive care unit.
Results: Six pregnant women with severe COVID-19 pneumonia at Henry Ford Hospital required intensive care unit hospitalization. All women were treated with steroids. Standard treatment also included Hydroxychloroquine. There was 1 full-term delivery via cesarean section at 37 weeks and 4 days after intubation due to non-reassuring fetal heart tones remote from delivery with absent variability noted on fetal heart tracing. There were 2 preterm deliveries. One delivery was an urgent cesarean section at 36 weeks and 5 days for non-reassuring fetal heart tones in the setting of preeclampsia with severe features and worsening respiratory compromise from COVID-19 pneumonia. The other delivery was a vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery at 36 weeks and 3 days’ gestation following labor induction for a persistent category two fetal heart tracing. All neonates tested negative for COVID-19. All patients survived and were discharged home.
Conclusion: This case series adds to the expanding literature describing the complex care surrounding pregnant patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia requiring intensive care management. As the pandemic continues, we hope our experience and treatment modalities can contribute to future care of patients.
Keywords
Covid-19, Pregnancy, Delivery, Critical care, Intubation
Introduction
Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) can cause viral pneumonia with rapid deterioration into acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring intubation [1]. There have been limited case reports on critically ill pregnant patients with COVID-19. Pregnant patients with respiratory collapse secondary to COVID-19 present multiple management challenges. We present a case series of 6 pregnant patients with severe COVID-19 infection requiring admission into the intensive care unit. Their clinical course, medical management, and critical care interventions are described.
Materials and Methods
This is a retrospective, single-center case series of pregnant women who were infected with COVID-19 that subsequently required critical care. The Henry Ford Health System Institutional Review Board approved this study. After approval, data was extracted from the EPIC (EPIC systems corporation, Verona WI) electronic medical record system by medical record number after the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at a tertiary care center in Detroit, Michigan. Inclusion criteria were pregnant patients with a positive COVID-19 nasal swab and admission to the intensive care unit and treated between March 1, 2020 and May 1, 2020. There were no exclusion criteria. Data collected included demographics such as race, gestational age, body mass index, and comorbidities. Admission symptoms, COVID-19 exposure, chest radiography, relevant COVID-19 labs, treatment modality, and patient outcomes were all recorded.
Results
Out of 33 pregnant women who tested positive for COVID-19, 6 had severe COVID-19 pneumonia at Henry Ford Hospital requiring intensive care unit hospitalization (mean age, 30 years old; range, 18-37 years old). One woman had a history of obstructive sleep apnea, well-controlled asthma, and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus; 1 had a history of hypothyroidism and hypertriglyceridemia. Four of 6 patients were morbidly obese (mean Body Mass Index (BMI), 37.26 kg/m2; range 22.37-56.0 kg/m2). Patients’ race included 4 African Americans, one Hispanic, and one Arab American individual. Gestational age at time of admission ranged from 23 weeks to 37 weeks and 2 days (Table 1).
Key diagnostic findings included chest x-ray results indicative of viral pneumonia in all 6 patients; decreased absolute lymphocyte count in 4 of 6 patients tested; abnormal liver function tests in 2, and hypertriglyceridemia in 1. Clinical findings seen in all 6 of the patients included shortness of breath and tachycardia; 5 of 6 patients presented with tachypnea; 4 of 6 presented with hypoxia requiring immediate oxygen supplementation; and 2 of 6 patients had a known COVID-19 positive exposure (Table 2).
All women were treated with steroids, initially intravenous methylprednisolone 40 mg twice a day for 3 days. A shortage quickly developed and oral prednisone 40-80 mg twice a day for 7-10 days was substituted for 4 patients. Standard treatment also included hydroxychloroquine 400 mg oral loading dose for 2 doses and then 200 mg oral twice daily for a total of 5 days. One patient did not receive hydroxychloroquine therapy due to prolonged corrected QT interval of greater than 500 ms; one patient declined hydroxychloroquine due to concern for possible fetal effects; and 4 patients received a full course of hydroxychloroquine as described. Three of 6 patients were treated with antibiotics for superimposed bacterial pneumonia. All 6 patients received venous thromboembolism prophylaxis; 5 patients with preterm gestation received betamethasone secondary to the potential for preterm delivery (Table 3).
All 6 patients received antepartum testing with fetal non-stress tests. The 2 patients who were admitted at 23 weeks’ gestational age were monitored for 20 minutes once a day. The remaining 4 patients had fetal non-stress tests every 8 hours. As long as the tracing was reassuring, they would be taken off the monitor. Since our patients were sedated, we did not have expectations to have accelerations while monitoring.
There was 1 full-term delivery via cesarean section at 37 weeks and 4 days after intubation due to non-reassuring fetal heart tones remote from delivery with absent variability noted on fetal heart tracing. There were 2 preterm deliveries. One delivery was an urgent cesarean section at 36 weeks and 5 days for non-reassuring fetal status in the setting of preeclampsia with severe features and worsening respiratory compromise from COVID-19 pneumonia. The other preterm delivery was a vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery at 36 weeks and 3 days’ gestation following labor induction for a persistent category 2 fetal heart tracing. All neonates were tested for COVID-19 via a nasopharyngeal swab at 24 hours of life and had negative test results. One infant remained hospitalized for 7 days for respiratory distress and suspicion of sepsis. The other 2 infants were discharged on hospital day 2. All patients were discharged home in stable condition (Table 4).
Discussion
COVID-19 has been associated with acute respiratory failure leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome. While the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome in pregnancy generally mirrors the non-pregnant population, it remains unclear if COVID-19 pneumonia in pregnancy has a single characteristic clinical course or is more variable. Recent literature has proposed different clinical ‘phenotypes’ of COVID-19 pneumonia depending on infection severity, ventilatory responsiveness, and time elapsed from onset of disease [1]. Optimal intensive care interventions and ventilatory support settings require an appreciation of the potential variable clinical course of COVID-19 pneumonia, particularly in pregnancy.
The physiologic changes of pregnancy are important to account for in the setting of respiratory collapse and mechanical ventilation. The normal compensated respiratory alkalosis of pregnancy (PCO2 28-32 mm Hg) should influence the selected respiratory rate. Studies show that ‘permissive hypercapnia’ (up to 50 mm Hg) has not been associated with adverse fetal effects [2]. A target PaO2 of 70 mm Hg is appropriate during pregnancy, in contrast to 55-80 mm Hg in the non-pregnant state and facilitates maintenance of maternal oxygen saturation at greater than 95%. These targets guide ventilator FiO2 parameters.
Fetal considerations, particularly in the periviable gestational age window, often complicate clinical decision making. The guiding principle that optimal management of maternal status is also optimal management for the fetus is too often not adhered to. We have too little experience with respiratory collapse requiring mechanical ventilation for COVID-19 pneumonia to determine if delivery (regardless of route) facilitates maternal resuscitation or hinders it.
Given these uncertainties, it is critical to have a conversation with the patient, or her surrogate decision maker (durable power of attorney) if the patient is incapacitated, regarding interventions for fetal indications, especially in patients at an early gestational age. Counseling should highlight the balance of risk and benefit for maternal status and fetal status but should accentuate the precept that a disassociation between maternal and fetal interests is rare. A multidisciplinary approach with neonatology consultation is also valuable under these critical circumstances to provide information regarding fetal prognosis and wishes for neonatal resuscitation in the periviable gestational age window. It is also important to discuss, and prepare for, the possibility of perimortem cesarean section if maternal cardiac arrest occurs.
Immediate delivery prior to intubation was only considered in one of our patients. This individual also had coexisting preeclampsia with severe features at 36 weeks and 5 days’ gestation. Given the diagnosis of preeclampsia with severe features we recommended delivery. While attempting an induction of labor the patient became unstable requiring increasing oxygen requirements with a mixed clinical picture of COVID-19 pneumonia and pulmonary edema secondary to the preeclampsia. The decision was then to deliver expeditiously via cesarean section prior to intubation and transfer to the surgical intensive care unit. Delivery prior to intubation was not considered in any of the other patients. In most cases the desaturation happened quickly and maternal stabilization took precedence. The goal of our team was to not deliver unless fetal distress was noted on antepartum testing.
Oral hydroxychloroquine has been recommended at our institution for all COVID-19 patients requiring treatment. The Maternal Fetal Medicine team counseled obstetric patients about hydroxychloroquine use in pregnancy when applicable. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology recommends use of hydroxychloroquine when indicated; it is a low-risk drug in pregnancy despite its ability to cross into placental circulation [3]. It is uncertain whether our institution’s empiric use of hydroxychloroquine and prednisone facilitated our patients’ recovery. Currently, there is no treatment for COVID-19 approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Our institution’s empiric uses of hydroxychloroquine and prednisone is based upon novel studies that indicated its potential benefit as a treatment for severe COVID-19 infection [4-7].
Antivirals were not considered for any of our patients. At the time of these individuals’ admissions our institution had started to offer antiviral therapy to severe COVID-19 cases, however pregnancy was made an exclusion criteria. Currently the diagnosis of pregnancy is no longer an exclusion criteria and if a pregnant patient met criteria for antiviral treatment they would be treated accordingly.
The use of proning appeared crucial in 2 of our patients. Placing an individual in the prone position allows for recruitment of alveoli and corrects ventilation perfusion mismatch, which occurs in acute respiratory distress syndrome [8]. Patients selected for this treatment continued to be hypoxic despite optimizing mechanical ventilation in the supine position. The criteria for pregnant patients to be placed in prone positioning are the same as non-pregnant individuals [9]. Clinicians previously were hesitant to place pregnant patients in the prone position because of uncertainty regarding fetal response. During the 2009 influenza pandemic, however, many pregnant patients underwent prone ventilation as rescue therapy. Case reports described successful proning in pregnancy without apparent adverse maternal or fetal effects [10].
Only one patient was transferred to an outside facility for potential nitric oxide treatment and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO). This individual continued to worsen and deoxygenate every time she was placed in the supine position. After review of records and discussion with providers from the outside facility, the patient never required nitric oxide treatment nor ECMO. Clinical improvement occurred without any change in treatment.
It is important to notice that many of the risk factors that increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection in the nonpregnant patient are mirrored in the pregnant patient. Most critically ill patients in this case series were obese and African American. Review of the demographics of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 revealed that the African American population is disproportionately affected [11,12]. Additionally, studies also illustrate an inverse correlation between age and BMI, indicating that younger patients with severe disease were more likely to be obese [13]. These characteristics are imperative to identify those at high risk for severe disease given the potential for rapid clinical deterioration and need for mechanical ventilation.
In conclusion, this case series adds to the expanding literature describing the complex care surrounding pregnant patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia requiring intensive care management. As the pandemic continues, we hope that our experience helps to inform the care of these critically ill patients.
Authors’ Data Availability Statement
All data collected has been shared in this project within the tables. Data became available from March to May of 2020, we collected data as patients were admitted.
Ethical Statement
No ethical board was needed for this study. The study was approved by the Henry Ford Health System Institutional Review Board.
Acknowledgement
We would like to acknowledge Stephanie Stebens and Karla Passalacqua for her assistance with preparing the manuscript for submission.
Demographics |
Case
1 |
Case
2 |
Case
3 |
Case
4 |
Case
5 |
Case
6 |
Age |
35
years old |
37
years old |
36
years old |
29
years old |
18
years old |
25
years old |
Ethnicity |
African
American |
Arab
American |
African
American |
Hispanic |
African
American |
African
American |
Gestational
age at presentation |
30w
4d |
23w
0d |
23w
0d |
35w |
36w5d |
37w2d |
Comorbidities |
Obesity |
Obesity,
well-controlled asthma, uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus, and
obstructive sleep apnea |
Obesity,
hypothyroidism, and hyperlipidemia |
Obesity |
None |
Prediabetes |
BMI
(kg/m2) |
35.9 |
56 |
41.53 |
42.4 |
25.39 |
22.37 |
w: weeks; d: days; BMI: Body Mass
Index |
Table 1: Patient
demographics.
Clinical
Presentation |
Case
1 |
Case
2 |
Case
3 |
Case
4 |
Case
5 |
Case
6 |
Sick
contact |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
Symptoms |
Shortness
of breath |
Shortness
of breath |
9
days of cough, myalgia’s, and shortness of breath |
7
days of cough, fever, and shortness of breath |
7
days of shortness of breath, cough, fevers, and headache |
2
days of cough, fever and shortness of breath |
Vitals |
Tachycardia (110 bpm), tachypnea (38 breaths/min),
hypoxic (SPO2 90% room air), and afebrile |
Tachycardia
(129 bpm), tachypnea (40 breaths/min), hypoxic (SPO2 91% room
air), and afebrile |
Tachycardia
(105 bpm), tachypnea (28 breaths/min), hypoxic (SPO2 88% room
air), and febrile 39.0°C |
Tachycardia
(140 bpm), tachypnea (51 breaths/min), hypoxic (SPO2 85% on room
air), and afebrile |
Tachycardia
(110 bpm), tachypnea (26 breaths/min), afebrile, and severe range blood
pressures (170s/100s) |
Tachycardia
(127 bpm) and febrile (38.8°C) |
Chest
radiography |
Interstitial
opacities |
Hazy/patchy,
opacities in both lower lungs |
Bilateral
airspace densities |
Bilateral
pulmonary opacities in lower lungs |
Diffuse
focal consolidation, patchy airspace opacities and interstitial prominence |
Patchy
bilateral lower lung airspace opacities due to multifocal pneumonia/
pneumonitis |
Laboratory
abnormalities |
|
CRP
9.6 mg/dL |
Elevated
aspartate aminotransferase 62 International Units/L, total creatine
phosphokinase 531 IU/L, CRP 14.7 mg/dL and decreased absolute lymphocytes
0.13 K/uL |
Elevated
procalcitonin 0.92ng/mL, CRP 6.2 mg/dL, lactate 2.3. EKG: prolonged QTc
interval of 520ms |
|
Absolute
lymphocytes 0.25 K/uL |
CRP: C-Reactive Protein; EKG:
Electrocardiogram |
Treatment |
Case 1 |
Case 2 |
Case 3 |
Case 4 |
Case 5 |
Case 6 |
COVID-19 treatment |
IV methylprednisolone |
Standard hydroxychloroquine and oral prednisone as well as zinc |
Standard hydroxychloroquine and oral prednisone |
Standard hydroxychloroquine and oral prednisone |
Oral prednisone |
Standard hydroxychloroquine and IV methylprednisolone |
Superimposed bacterial pneumonia |
None |
Ceftriaxone |
None |
None |
Ceftriaxone and doxycycline |
Ceftriaxone and azithromycin |
VTE prophylaxis |
Enoxaparin 40 mg SQ daily |
Heparin 5,000 U SQ every 8 hours |
Enoxaparin 40 mg SQ daily |
Unfractionated heparin 7,500 mg SQ every 8 hours |
Heparin 5000 U SQ every 8 hours |
Heparin 5000 SQ every 8 hours |
Obstetrics interventions |
Betamethasone 12 mg IM, 2 doses 24 hours apart |
Betamethasone 12 mg IM, 2 doses 24 hours apart |
Betamethasone 12 mg IM, 2 doses 24 hours apart |
Betamethasone 12 mg IM, 2 doses 24 hours apart |
Betamethasone 12 mg IM, magnesium sulfate IV 6 g bolus followed
by 2 g/hour infusion |
None |
Miscellaneous |
None |
None |
None |
None |
Lasix 40 mg IV every day for 3 days |
None |
IV: Intravenous; VTE:
Venothromboembolus; SQ: Subcutaneous; IM: Intramuscular |
Table 3: Treatment
modalities.
Hospital Course |
Case 1 |
Case 2 |
Case 3 |
Case 4 |
Case 5 |
Case 6 |
Respiratory support |
High flow nasal cannula |
Mechanical ventilation |
Mechanical ventilation |
Mechanical ventilation |
Mechanical ventilation |
Mechanical ventilation |
Days
intubated |
0 |
14 |
7 |
8 |
3 |
2 |
Maximum
ventilatory settings |
N/A |
PEEP
18 cm H2O, FiO2 100% |
PEEP
12 cm H20, FiO2 100% |
PEEP
10 cm H20, FiO2 70% |
PEEP
10 cm H20, FiO2 50% |
PEEP
8 cm H2O, FiO2 40% |
Days
hospitalized |
9 |
17 |
11 |
13 |
8 |
7 |
Delivery |
No |
No |
No |
Yes,
induction was performed at 36 weeks, 3 days’ gestational age for category 2
FHT. Delivery resulted in a vacuum assisted vaginal delivery. |
Yes,
urgent cesarean section for severe range blood pressures refractory to
interventions in setting of preeclampsia with severe features. Patient
intubated prior to delivery, then transferred to intensive care unit. |
Yes,
urgent cesarean section for persistent category II FHT following intubation.
Patient was intubated prior to delivery, and 2 prolonged decelerations were
noted on FHT. Patient was found to be shivering with absent variability noted
on FHT. |
Outcome |
Discharged
on room air. |
Patient
left against medical advice on hospital day 17 and was on 3 L nasal cannula
at that time. |
Discharged
on room air. |
Patient
diagnosed with preeclampsia without severe features. Patient discharged
postpartum day 3 on room air. |
Discharged
postpartum day 8 on room air. Patient discharged with labetalol 800 mg TID
and nifedipine XL 60 mg. |
Discharged
on postoperative day 4 on room air |
N/A: Not Available; PEEP: Positive End-Expiratory Pressure; FHT: Fetal
Heart Tracing; TID: Three Times a Day. |
Table 4: Hospital course.
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