Pathological Changes in Gut and Liver Due to Dietary Inclusion of Betaine and Chromium Pico Linate in Nile Tilapia Fish
Walaa F Awadin1*,
Abeer E Aziza2
2Department of
Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Mansoura University, Egypt
Received Date: 10 August, 2017; Accepted Date: 25 August, 2017; Publishers Date: 4 September 2017
Citation: Awadin WF, Aziza AE (2017) Pathological Changes in Gut and Liver Due to Dietary Inclusion of Betaine and Chromium Pico Linate in Nile Tilapia Fish. J Fish Aqua Dev: JFAD-119. DOI:10.29011/JFAD-119/100019
1.
Abstract
1.
Introduction
A Trace minerals
& vitamins premixes were prepared to cover the levels of the micro minerals
& vitamins 2 for tilapia fish as recommend-ed by (NRC, 1993). Vitamins
premix (IU or mg/kg diet); vit. A 5000, Vit. 3D3 1000, vit. E 20, vit. k3 2,
vit. B1 2, vit. B2 5, vit. B6 1.5, vit. B12 0.02, Pantothenic acid 10, Folic
acid 41, Biotin 0.15, Niacid 30. Mineral mixture (mg/kg diet); Fe 40, Mn 80, Cu
4, Zn 50, I 0.5, Co 0.2 & Se 50.2.
Number of GCs non-significantly increased in proximal part of betaine group and in middle and distal parts of Cr-Pic group. Number of IEL non-significantly elevated in three intestinal segments of betaine group when compared with control group. Number of EGs showed a non-significant increase in proximal and middle parts of betaine+Cr-Pic group and in distal part of Cr-Pic group when compared with control group. Villous height, perimeter and area were the highest in three intestinal segments of betaine+Cr-Pic groups. EH was the longest in three parts of betaine+Cr-Pic group when compared with other groups. Measurements of width of lamina propria showed variation among different experimental groups in three intestinal segments. Thickness of muscular coat significantly rose in proximal and middle parts of betaine+Cr-Pic group and in distal part of Cr-Pic group when compared with control group. Histological illustration of intestinal villi, enterocytes, IEL, GCs and EGs were shown in (Figure 1, 2, and 3).In liver, slight non-significant increase in hepatocyte nuclear ratio was recorded in group of fish supplemented with betaine when compared with other groups. However, the lowest value of hepatocyte nuclear ratio was shown in group of fish supplemented with betaine+Cr-Pic (Figure 4).
4. Discussion
·
Dietary inclusion of both
Cr-Pic and betaine increased number of EGs
·
Dietary inclusion of both
betaine and Cr-Pic was better than being separately
Figure 1 (A-C): A:
Proximal part, B: middle part and C: distal part of intestine
from betaine group. Arrowheads point to IEL
(H&E: A&B x 200, C, x 250).
Figure 2 (A&B): A:
Intestine from control group shows few EGs in lamina propria (arrows) when
compared with B: high EGs population in lamina propria (arrow)
Cr-Pic group (H&E, x 200).
Figure 3 (A&B): A:
proximal intestine from control group shows high number of goblet cells (GCs)
in betaine group when compared with B: few GCs in Cr-Pic group (H&E, x 200).
Figure 4: Effect of
different treatments on hepatocyte nuclear ratio.
Dietary treatment |
|||||
Ingredients |
Control |
Cr-Pic |
Betaine |
Betaine+Cr-Pic |
|
Yellow corn |
31 |
31 |
31 |
31 |
|
Soybean meal |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
|
Fish meal |
25.5 |
25.5 |
25.4 |
25.4 |
|
Corn glutein |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
|
Wheat bran |
9 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
|
Wheat flour |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
|
Oil |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
Vitamin& Mineral premixa |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
Salt |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
|
Chromium (µg) |
0 |
800 |
0 |
800 |
|
Betaine (g) |
0 |
0 |
10 |
10 |
|
Chemical composition% (analyses) |
|||||
Crude protein |
31.94 |
31.56 |
31.85 |
32 |
|
Ether extract |
7 |
7.21 |
7.13 |
7.2 |
|
Ash |
8.17 |
7.83 |
8.16 |
8.5 |
Table 1: Ingredients and nutrients composition of the experimental diet
|
Parameters |
|
Group 1 |
Group 2 |
Group 3 |
Group 4 Betaine+ |
|
Control |
Betaine |
Chromium |
chromium |
||
Proximal |
Number of goblet cells |
|
7.61±1.40 |
9.20±1.09 |
5.28±0.71 |
7.80±0.80 |
Number of IEL |
|
0.48±0.15a |
0.56±0.15ab |
0.24±0.10ab |
0.04±0.04b |
|
Number of EGs |
|
10.50±4.41b |
61.60±30.60ab |
19.60±11.96ab |
104±30.75a |
|
Height |
|
1560±37.58a |
1645±49.24a |
1272±27.74b |
1657±48.26a |
|
EH (um) |
|
110.9±1.74a |
99.93±1.49b |
104.3±1.57c |
115.1±1.63a |
|
Perimeter |
|
3661±365.8a |
3824±150.2a |
2970±77.86b |
3862±146.8a |
|
Area |
|
7542±300.9a |
8126±322a |
6368±174b |
8320±313.8a |
|
Width of lamina propria |
|
232.9±11.58a |
280.5±11.79b |
244.5±9.56a |
249.7±12.9a |
|
Thickness of the muscle |
|
134.3±8.33a |
148.4±5.10a |
150.1±7.06a |
180.8±8.32b |
|
Middle |
Number of goblet cells |
|
1.72±0.43a |
8.75±1.27b |
9.72±0.88b |
2.90±1.10a |
Number of IEL |
|
0.04±0.04ab |
0.25±0.10a |
0.12±0.05b |
0 0b |
|
Number of EGs |
|
2.80±1.15 |
28±16.66 |
10.13±5.73 |
80.75±17.08 |
|
Height |
|
911.3±33.14c |
1049±28.62b |
1054±40.19b |
1235±60.27a |
|
EH |
|
108.9±3.67a |
83.76±1.71b |
82.75±2.67b |
113.9±2.65a |
|
Perimeter |
|
2575±137.2 |
2625±161 |
2595±183 |
2796±130.4 |
|
Area |
|
5471±306.3 |
5719±348.9 |
5584±393 |
6030±271.6 |
|
Width of lamina propria |
|
232.7±11.21a |
235.9±16.92a |
279.5±22.62a |
570.1±68.76b |
|
Thickness of muscle |
|
118.4±11.19a |
145.9±7.46ab |
147.5±10.87ab |
168.4±6.18b |
|
Distal |
Number of goblet cells |
|
1.46±0.60a |
8±1.77b |
7.70±0.77b |
5.38±0.81b |
Number of IEL |
|
0.26±0.11 |
0.40±0.19 |
0.22±0.14 |
0.09±0.06 |
|
Number of EGs |
|
5.75±2.17b |
27.25±9.87ab |
244.5±110.5a |
95.5±39.85ab |
|
EH |
|
74.94±2.20c |
87.10±2.16b |
82.29±2.08bc |
125.8±4.59a |
|
Height |
|
696.6±28.59a |
766.9±27.78a |
753.4±36.20a |
928.9±46.96b |
|
Perimeter |
|
1870±95.15 |
2063±166.7 |
2178±134.5 |
2359±178.7 |
|
Area |
|
4010±209.8 |
4622±264 |
4433±375.4 |
4788±291.1 |
|
Width of lamina propria |
|
259.8±12.98a |
262.2±25.14a |
348.3±23.28b |
285.6±19.30ab |
|
Thickness of muscle |
|
103±5.51a |
117.7±8.02a |
166.1±13.44b |
165.5±8.72b |
|
Values are means ± SE. Small superscript letters indicate significance when P<0.05 |
Table 2: Morphometric analysis of the proximal, middle and distal intestine of fish from control and experimental groups.
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